37,704,090 papers found

The author believes that there has been insufficient explanation of the use of the instruments described by the medieval English Surgeon John Arderne, to treat fistula in ano. Examining the existing manuscripts which describe the instruments and the operations, brings to light some problems of interpretation, particula…

BACKGROUND: In the English NHS, Primary Care Trusts (PCTs) are required to commission health services, to maximise the well-being of the population, subject to the available budget. There are numerous techniques employed to make decisions, some more rational and transparent than others. A weighted benefit score can be…

Across many languages, speakers tend to produce sentences so that given (previously referred to) arguments are mentioned before new arguments; this is termed given-new ordering. We explored the nature of such given-new effects in Japanese using a procedure following Bock and Irwin (1980). Speakers encoded and then reca…

Patterns of reading development were examined in native English-speaking (L1) children and children who spoke English as a second language (ESL). Participants were 978 (790 L1 speakers and 188 ESL speakers) Grade 2 children involved in a longitudinal study that began in kindergarten. In kindergarten and Grade 2, partic…

Deformation field morphometry was applied to magnetic resonance images to detect differences in brain shape between English-speaking Caucasians and Chinese-speaking Asians. Anatomical differences between these two groups were limited to gyri in the frontal, temporal and parietal lobes, which are known (through function…

Hispanic and Anglo women differ in their practice of breast health behavior. A likely factor is differences in purpose-in-life (PIL) that influence motivation to achieve goals. To determine the relationship between PIL and breast health behavior, the PIL Test was modified and translated into Spanish, and the Breast Hea…

Two studies investigating the linguistic representations underlying English-speaking 2 1/2-year-olds' production of transitive utterances are reported. The first study was a training study in which half the children heard utterances with full nouns as agent and patient, and half the children heard utterances with both…

There is increasing evidence that, in practice, hospice care is predominantly accessed by white, middle-class patients, who live in stable home environments with available caregivers and other supports. The present challenge for researchers, administrators, and clinicians is to identify populations of terminally ill pa…

Language differences in verbal short-term memory were investigated in two experiments. In Experiment 1, bilinguals with high competence in English and French and monolingual English adults with extremely limited knowledge of French were assessed on their serial recall of words and nonwords in both languages. In all cas…

In three experiments we looked at the processing of interlexical homographs by Dutch-English bilinguals. In Experiment 1 we employed the translation recognition task, a task that forces the participants to activate both language systems simultaneously. In this task the processing of interlexical homographs was inhibite…

Studies of brain lateralization lend support to the hypothesis that language-motor functions in left-handers are differently organized from those in right-handers. However, the implications of these differences regarding cognitive functioning are as yet subject to controversy. This concerns all hypotheses raised and em…

BACKGROUND: Despite the increasing evidence that income inequality causes reductions in life expectancy in developed countries, this relationship has not been explored in the United Kingdom, where local income data are not routinely available. We have surmounted this problem by employing an ecological design which appl…

To account for cross-linguistic differences in agrammatism, Bates and her colleagues have employed the Competition Model, proposing that the cue validity and cue costs of a grammatical morpheme in a particular language will directly affect how agrammatism is manifested. Using Goodglass et al.'s (1993) Morphosyntax Batt…

Availability and access to correct information is a pre-requisite for people to be able to make informed decisions about their health. This paper will examine the effect of the sole reliance on translation in producing health promotion materials for people from Non English Speaking Background (NESB). In Australia since…

In a series of experiments, the masked priming paradigm with very brief prime exposures was used to investigate the role of the syllable in the production of English. Experiment 1 (word naming task) showed a syllable priming effect for English words with clear initial syllable boundaries (such as BALCONY), but no effec…

In a multicultural society such as Australia, with over 20% of its population born overseas, interpreters are often required to facilitate medical interviews. However, where a patient has some proficiency in English, medical interviews are sometimes conducted across the boundaries of culture and language. This is a rep…

Four experiments were carried out to investigate how general knowledge about the stereotypical gender of participants in a text influences comprehension. A self-paced reading task was used to present short texts comprising one, two, or three sentences. The first sentence of each text introduced a stereotypically mascul…

It is increasingly important that assessments for dementia do not introduce bias against different cultural/language groups. In this study the authors investigated the usefulness of the Fuld Object-Memory Evaluation (OME) as a culture-fair screen for dementia. Because the OME uses common and familiar household objects,…

A rapidly growing number of California's ethnic minority nursing students are individuals whose primary language is not English; these English-as-a-second-language (ESL) students often have high attrition rates. This research surveys the approaches used in all of California's 21 generic baccalaureate nursing programs t…