44,776 papers found

PURPOSE: Our objective was to review the history, safety, and efficacy of caffeine-containing dietary supplements in the United States and Canada. METHODS: PubMed and Web of Science databases (1980-2014) were searched for articles related to the pharmacology, toxicology, and efficacy of caffeine-containing dietary sup…

BACKGROUND: Safety of vaccines remains a cornerstone of building public trust on the use of these cost-effective and life-saving public health interventions. In some settings, particularly Sub-Saharan Africa, there is a high prevalence of HIV infection and a high burden of vaccine-preventable diseases. There is evidenc…

BACKGROUND: Health care-associated infections (HAIs) are a major health concern, despite being largely avoidable. The emergency department (ED) is an essential component of the health care system and subject to workflow challenges, which may hinder ED personnel adherence to guideline-based infection prevention practice…

OBJECTIVE: To systematically review the evidence on the effectiveness of vestibular rehabilitation in addition to a canalith repositioning maneuver in patients with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. DATA SOURCES: A literature search was performed in the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Pub…

INTRODUCTION: Guanfacine extended release (GXR) is a selective α(2A)-adrenoreceptor agonist originally developed as an antihypertensive agent and now FDA approved for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as monotherapy and as adjunctive to psychostimulants in children and adolescents 6…

In this meta-analysis, the authors review the results of studies on the efficacy of lianhuaqingwen capsule (LHQW-C) compared with oseltamivir in treating influenza A virus infection. The authors searched PubMed, Embase, Wanfang Data, and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) from the date of inception unti…

IMPORTANCE: Bilateral anterior nasal packing is used after septoplasty with the goals of decreasing the risk of postoperative bleeding and adhesions. However, multiple studies caution against the use of nasal packing because of the risk of cardiopulmonary complications. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the cardiopulmonary risks…

BACKGROUND: Photo(chemo)therapy is a common treatment modality in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD), but evidence on its effectiveness has not been recently systematically reviewed. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of treatment with photo(chemo)therapy in patients with AD and to make treatment recommendations on…

OBJECTIVE: Meta-analysis of the efficiencies of imatinib mesylate (IM) with or without interferon for chronic myeloid leukemia-chronic phase (CML-CP) patients. METHODS: Published studies of IM with or without interferon for CML-CP patients as first-line therapy were collected from PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of…

BACKGROUND: Patients with unilateral vocal fold paralysis (UVFP) usually present with dysphonia, but can also be breathless and have problems with their swallowing. Speech and language therapy forms the initial mainstay of management in cases of UVFP, since up to 60% of cases will resolve spontaneously. If vocal fold p…

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a chronic neurobehavioral disorder afflicting adults worldwide. This article is an update on the evidence supporting medications for adult ADHD, with particular emphasis on cardiovascular implications. Relevant clinical literature was sought using PubMed searches, with…

Central Asia, the Urals, Siberia and Mongolia cover an immense section of Asia and although relatively sparsely populated the total inhabitants number well in excess of 100 million. Furthermore, there is an increasing tendency for urbanization of the populations, which in many cases are growing. The ethnic make-up is d…

BACKGROUND: Although the small intestine represents 75% of the length and over 90% of the mucosal surface of the alimentary tract, it is the site of only about 2% of malignant gastrointestinal tumours. Adenocarcinoma is the most common histological subtype, accounting for about 40% of all malignant small intestinal tum…

Body mass index, waist circumference, and waist/hip ratio have been shown to be associated with type 2 diabetes. From the clinical perspective, central obesity (approximated by waist circumference or waist/hip ratio) is known to generate diabetogenic substances and should therefore be more informative than general obes…

CONTEXT: In some patients symptoms of hypothyroidism persist despite therapy with T(4). OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to compare the effectiveness of T(4)-T(3) combination vs. T(4) monotherapy for the treatment of clinical hypothyroidism in adults. DATA SOURCES: PubMed, EMBASE, LILACS, and the Cochrane Ce…

INTRODUCTION: Primary Angiitis of Central Nervous System (PACNS) is a rare disease featured by transmural inflammation in vessels pertaining to brain, leptomeninges and spinal cord. It is a rare disease and the involvement of the spinal cord represents a rarer and not yet completely investigated subtype. METHODS: We p…

PURPOSE: Caffeine is the most commonly used central nervous system (CNS) stimulant. The relationship between caffeine, seizures, epilepsy, and antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) is complex and not fully understood. Case reports suggest that caffeine triggers seizures in susceptible people. Our systematic review reports on the…

OBJECTIVE: To verify phylogeography and genetic structure of Acanthamoeba populations among the Iranian clinical isolates and natural/artificial environments distributed in various regions of the country. METHODS: We searched electronic databases including Medline, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus and Google Scholar fro…

The mainstay of pharmacological treatment of overactive bladder (OAB) is anticholinergic therapy using muscarinic receptor antagonists (tertiary or quaternary amines). Muscarinic receptors in the brain play an important role in cognitive function, and there is growing awareness that antimuscarinic OAB drugs may have ad…

BACKGROUND: Allergic rhinitis is a highly prevalent disease that results from an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction of the nasal mucosa to inhaled allergens. It is primarily treated by allergen avoidance and medical treatment, but when these measures fail to control symptoms then surgery to the inferior turbin…