Objective methods for the assessment of the spinal and supraspinal effects of opioids.
Fischer Iben W, Hansen Tine M, Lelic Dina, +4 more·Scandinavian journal of pain
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Opioids are potent analgesics. Opioids exert effects after interaction with opioid receptors. Opioid receptors are present in the peripheral- and central nervous system (CNS), but the analgesic effects are primarily mediated via receptors in the CNS. Objective methods for assessment of opioid ef…