42,421 papers found

OBJECTIVE: It is widely acknowledged that central nervous system (CNS) infection is a serious infectious disease accompanied by various complications. However, the accuracy of current detection methods is limited, leading to delayed diagnosis and treatment. In recent years, metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS)…

Spasticity is a common disabling disorder in adult subjects suffering from stroke, brain injury, multiple sclerosis (MS) and spinal cord injury (SCI). Spasticity may be a disabling symptom in people during rehabilitation and botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) has become the first-line therapy for the local form. High BTX-A…

INTRODUCTION: Catheter-related right atrial thrombosis is an under-recognized complication of central venous catheter placement. We performed a retrospective review, characterizing clinical aspects of catheter-related right atrial thrombosis (CRAT). METHODS: To identify cases, a literature search was conducted in PubM…

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Apocynum venetum L. (Apocynaceae, Luobuma ) has a long history as a Chinese traditional medicine with uses to calm the liver, soothe the nerves, dissipate heat, and promote diuresis. Recently, Luobuma tea has been commercialized as a sedative and anti-aging supplement that has become inc…

To summarize the available evidence in the literature regarding the effects of exposure to an enriched environment (EE) on the modulation of apoptotic markers in central tissue of rodents under unfavorable conditions. Searches were conducted in three databases: PubMed/Medline (70 articles), Scopus (65 articles), and EM…

: Tinnitus is a complex auditory phenomenon with multifactorial origins, often involving both peripheral and central auditory pathways. Given the multifactorial nature of tinnitus, this review specifically focuses on the auditory brainstem as it represents the first central relay for auditory input and a key site of ab…

Dupilumab, a monoclonal antibody targeting interleukins (IL)-4/IL-13 signaling, demonstrated efficacy in clinical trials for atopic dermatitis. However, real-world variability remains underexplored. A systematic review with meta-regression was conducted to primarily assess geographic influences on dupilumab efficacy me…

INTRODUCTION: Cochlear implants have advanced the management of severe to profound deafness. However, there is a strong disparity in hearing performance after implantation from one patient to another. Moreover, there are several advanced kinds of imaging assessment before cochlear implantation. Microstructural white fi…

Relapsed/refractory central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma, whether primary or secondary, is associated with poor prognosis with currently available treatment modalities, including high-dose chemotherapy-autologous stem cell transplantation. The pivotal ZUMA-1 and JULIET trials that led to FDA approval of Axicabtagene c…

TUBB4A-associated disorder is a rare condition affecting the central nervous system. It displays a wide phenotypic spectrum, ranging from isolated late-onset torsion dystonia to a severe early-onset disease with developmental delay, neurological deficits, and atrophy of the basal ganglia and cerebellum, therefore compl…

BACKGROUND: As in other fields of medicine, development of new medications for management of neuropathic pain has been difficult since preclinical rodent models do not necessarily translate to the clinics. Aside from ongoing pain with burning or shock-like qualities, neuropathic pain is often characterized by pain hype…

PURPOSE: To evaluate the current anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) treatments for macular edema due to central retinal vein occlusions. METHODS: PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library were systematically searched for studies between January 2013 and July 2018. Reference lists of published articles were…

The goals of this study were to analyze the incidence, clinical manifestations, neuroimaging findings, surgical treatments, and neurological outcomes of trigonal cavernous malformations (TCMs). Among 1395 cases of intracranial and intraspinal cavernous malformations (CMs) surgically treated between 2003 and 2016 at Bei…

PURPOSE: To review the existing literature regarding the characteristics, prognostic factors, treatment, and survival of patients with medulloblastoma, who develop extraneural metastasis (ENM). METHODS AND MATERIALS: A PubMed search of English language articles from 1961 to 2007 was performed, yielding 47 articles rep…

BACKGROUND: Spinal dural arteriovenous fistula (SDAVF) is a rare and enigmatic disease. Functional outcome is particularly uncertain for the small group of patients that are unable to stand at the time of diagnosis (grade 5 gait disturbance on the Aminoff-Logue scale, ALS). The objective of this study is to examine the…

Central nervous system (CNS) disorders pose a major global health challenge, yet therapeutic development is impeded by the difficulty of delivering effective drug concentrations to the brain. Based on a literature search of PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar (1990-2025), this review delineates the current landscape of…

BACKGROUND: Central nervous system fungal infections, though rare, may lead to various movement disorders either due to direct fungal invasion or as adverse effects of antifungal drugs. OBJECTIVES: This systematic review aimed to consolidate all published cases and characterize the clinical patterns, mechanisms, and o…

Central nervous system (CNS) hemangioblastomas are rare, benign vascular tumors occurring sporadically or with von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease. While resection remains the primary treatment for symptomatic lesions, stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) has emerged as an alternative where surgery is not feasible. This researc…

OBJECTIVE: This review will analyze the effectiveness of early childhood education interventions to improve complementary feeding practices in children aged 4 to 36 months. INTRODUCTION: Healthy eating habits, which start with food introduction, can influence children's growth and development. Educational actions carr…

PURPOSE: This retrospective systematic literature review aimed to summarize available data regarding epidemiology, etiology, presentation, investigations, differentials, treatment, prevention, monitoring, complications, and prognosis for radiation-induced cavernous malformations (RICMs) in pediatric patients. METHODOL…