44,688 papers found

BACKGROUND: Decreased exercise capacity and impairments in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) are common in people following lung resection for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Exercise training has been demonstrated to confer gains in exercise capacity and HRQoL for people with a range of chronic conditions, in…

IMPORTANCE: Stimulants (methylphenidate and amphetamines) are often prescribed at unlicensed doses for adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Whether dose escalation beyond US Food and Drug Administration recommendations is associated with positive risk benefits is unclear. OBJECTIVE: To investig…

BACKGROUND: Malaria remains an important public health problem. Research in 1900 suggested house modifications may reduce malaria transmission. A previous version of this review concluded that house screening may be effective in reducing malaria. This update includes data from five new studies. OBJECTIVES: To assess t…

BACKGROUND: There is uncertainty as to whether and what extent occupational safety and health regulation and legislation enforcement activities, such as inspections, are effective and efficient to improve workers' health and safety. We use the term regulation to refer both to regulation and legislation. OBJECTIVES: To…

BACKGROUND: Gastrectomy remains the primary therapeutic method for resectable gastric cancer. Thought of as an important measure to reduce post-operative complications and mortality, abdominal drainage has been used widely after gastrectomy for gastric cancer in previous decades. The benefits of abdominal drainage have…

BACKGROUND: Day surgery involves admission of selected patients to hospital for a planned surgical procedure with the patients returning home on the same day. An anaesthetic regimen usually involves a combination of an anxiolytic, an induction agent, a maintenance agent, a method of maintaining the airway (laryngeal ma…

BACKGROUND: Toremifene (TOR) and tamoxifen (TAM) can both be used as treatments for advanced breast cancer. OBJECTIVES: To compare the efficacy and safety of TOR with TAM in patients with advanced breast cancer. SEARCH METHODS: The Cochrane Breast Cancer Group's Specialised Register was searched (1 July 2011) using t…

BACKGROUND: More than 34 million people are presently living with HIV infection. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) can help these people to live longer, healthier lives, but adherence to ART can be difficult. Mobile phone text-messaging has the potential to help promote adherence in these patients. OBJECTIVES: To determine…

INTRODUCTION: Over the past decades, there has been increasing recognition that assessing patients with cancer's health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is pivotal to delivering optimal patient-centred healthcare. However, with the increasing number of patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) available, it becomes more…

BACKGROUND: Nursing theory and conceptual models are central to nursing as a knowledge discipline, yet theory is often perceived as abstract and difficult to operationalize in education and practice. This theory-practice tension suggests variability in nurses' and nursing students' capability to access, interpret, crit…

IMPORTANCE: Tracheobronchial replacement remains a surgical and biological challenge despite several decades of experimental and clinical research. OBJECTIVE: To compile a comprehensive state-of-the-science review examining the current indications, techniques, and outcomes of tracheobronchial replacement in human pati…

BACKGROUND: Creatine is one of the most widely used dietary supplements worldwide and is increasingly consumed by non-athletic populations, including older adults and individuals with chronic metabolic, neurological, and musculoskeletal conditions. Given the high prevalence of prescription drug use in these populations…

Insulin resistance (IR) is a well-established metabolic disorder characterized by reduced responsiveness of peripheral tissues to insulin, leading to hyperglycemia and compensatory hyperinsulinemia.: In older adults, IR tends to develop gradually and may remain undiagnosed for years due to the insidious nature of the c…

Depression is increasingly recognized as a multifactorial disorder involving immune, metabolic, and neurobiological disturbances that extend beyond classical monoaminergic hypotheses. Among xenobiotic-based experimental approaches, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has become a valuable tool for investigating how peripheral inf…

Radiation therapy is a cornerstone of treatment for solid tumors, yet it often induces lymphopenia, a condition linked to poorer clinical outcomes. This scoping review synthesizes evidence from systematic reviews to evaluate the prognostic impact of severe radiation-induced lymphopenia (RIL) on overall survival (OS) in…

BACKGROUND: There is currently a lack of nationally representative assessments of myopia based on gold-standard cycloplegic refraction among Chinese children and adolescents. Therefore, we aimed to systematically review and meta-analyse the prevalence of myopia, diagnosed by cycloplegic refraction (spherical equivalent…

BACKGROUND: Binge eating, a transdiagnostic behavior present in both binge eating disorder (BED) and bulimia nervosa (BN), has increasingly been conceptualized as a manifestation of reward system dysregulation. Although BN is marked by compensatory behaviors and heightened emotional reactivity, BED is frequently associ…

Recovery in osteoarthritis (OA) is a multidimensional construct that extends beyond symptom reduction to encompass how individuals make sense of, adapt to, and live with their condition. Patient expectations appear to play a central role in shaping this process, influencing how individuals define recovery, cope with fu…

PURPOSE: As the population ages, the number of elderly patients with chronic diseases increases. It is crucial to focus on the medication experience of elderly patients and their family caregivers during transitions of care (TOC) to improve prognosis and ensure medication safety. However, existing evidence mainly focus…

BACKGROUND: Despite substantial advancements in reproductive health, unintended pregnancy remains a significant public health challenge in Iran. Qualitative studies revealed profound cultural and social complexities surrounding this issue. This study aimed to synthesize the experiences of Iranian women regarding uninte…