37,496,516 papers found

Children from language minority homes reach school age with variable dual language skills. Cluster analysis identified four bilingual profiles among 126 U.S.-born, 5-year-old Spanish-English bilinguals. The profiles differed on two dimensions: language balance and total language knowledge. Balance varied primarily as a…

This study aims to decode the hemodynamic responses (HRs) evoked by multiple sound-categories using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). The six different sounds were given as stimuli (English, non-English, annoying, nature, music, and gunshot). The oxy-hemoglobin (HbO) concentration changes are measured in b…

The Trail Making Test (TMT) is a popular neuropsychological test derived from the Army Individual Test Battery, which was used by the U.S. Army. Its content was obviously designed within the English cultural context. Consequently, there is ongoing debate regarding TMT's applicability on non-English speaking population.…

One of the advantages of being bilingual is the ability to translate from one language to the other. From language learners to professional interpreters, many different types of bilinguals engage in translation in their daily lives. How successful they are, however, depends on a wide range of factors. The current study…

We examined lexical stress processing in English-French bilinguals. Auditory mismatch negativity (MMN) responses were recorded in response to English and French pseudowords, whose primary stress occurred either on a language-consistent "usual" or language-inconsistent "unusual" syllable. In most conditions, the pseudow…

Bilingual speakers sometimes codeswitch, or alternate between languages, in a single utterance. We investigated the effect of lexical accessibility of words, defined as the ease with which a speaker retrieves and produces a word, on codeswitching in Spanish-English bilinguals. We first developed a novel sentence-produc…

Theories of how language works have shifted from rule-like competence accounts to more skill-like incremental learning accounts. Under these, people acquire language incrementally, through practice, and may even lose it incrementally as they acquire competing mappings. Incremental learning implies that (1) a bilingual'…

BACKGROUND: Instruments developed to measure simulation learning outcomes need evidence of their reliability and validity for rigorous research. The purpose of this paper is to report psychometric properties of the English version of the Simulation Learning Effectiveness Inventory. METHODS: Psychometric properties of…

Understanding emotional resonances to social evaluations delivered in different languages may contribute to favourable social communication in today's increasingly internationalised world. The present study thus investigated the language-induced emotionality differences by presenting Chinese-English bilinguals with sel…

AIM: The aims of this study were (a) to translate the MOLES index from English to Italian and (ii) to compare the two versions using non-parametric item response theory. DESIGN: An online survey was used to gather data. METHODS: Forward and back translation was used to prepare the Italian version of the MOLES which w…

The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference between English-native (EN) listeners and Chinese-native (CN) listeners using contextual cues to perceive speech in quiet and four-talker babble in English. Three types of sentences served as speech stimuli: high (semantic and syntactic cues), low (syntactic c…

A phenomenon is occurring in international settings where the language of program delivery and assessment does not match the primary language of practice. It is unknown whether determining competence in English disadvantages students for practice in non-English settings. As such, we conducted a pilot study to determine…

Deepening neural models has been proven very successful in improving the model's capacity when solving complex learning tasks, such as the machine translation task. Previous efforts on deep neural machine translation mainly focus on the encoder and the decoder, while little on the attention mechanism. However, the atte…

Although phonics is the most frequently used approach in treating students with reading difficulties, its effects have not been fully clarified at either a behavioral or neurophysiological level. The present case study administered pure and short-term (i.e., 10 minutes per day for five weeks) phonics-training to a…

The current study aimed to test the applicability of the modified receptive field (MRF) theory (Tydgat & Grainger, 2009) with English native speakers (Experiment 1) and Sinhalese native speakers (Experiment 2), who were skilled readers of both Sinhala and Roman scripts. A two-alternative forced choice (2AFC) procedure…

Previous monolingual studies have consistently suggested that there was flexibility of letter position encoding in different alphabetic writing systems. This robust letter transposition was named the "Cambridge University" effect. However, to date whether the orthographic neighborhood and cross-language script similari…

The aim of the review was to summarize the literature over the last 25 years regarding bicarbonate administration in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. A PubMed search was conducted using the terms "bicarbonates" and "cardiac arrest", limited to human studies and reviews published in English (or at least with a meaningful…

How does learning a second language influence native language processing? In the present study, we examined whether knowledge of Spanish - a language that marks grammatical gender on inanimate nouns - influences lexical processing in English - a language that does not mark grammatical gender. We tested three groups of…

Although bilingual children frequently switch between languages, the psycholinguistic mechanisms underlying the emerging ability to control language choice are unknown. We examined the mechanisms of voluntary language switching in English-Spanish bilingual children during a picture-naming task under two conditions: 1)…

Heart failure affects 1-2% of the UK population with prevalence rates predicted to rise over the next decade. Ineffective education for patients with heart failure can lead to a failure to adhere to guidance, reduced self-care and increased hospital readmissions. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (N…