391,922 papers found

Quinidine and procainamide have the potential for major organ toxicity, whereas mexiletine has been reported to have little risk of organ toxicity, serious proarrhythmia or congestive heart failure, but a relatively high incidence of nuisance side effects. In light of the potential adverse effects of all antiarrhythmic…

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effectiveness of oral corticosteroid therapy in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. DATA IDENTIFICATION: An English-language literature search using MEDLINE (1966 to 1989) and a bibliographic review of all retrieved articles identified 33 original studies of oral cortic…

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the quality of evidence, potential biases, and validity of all available studies on dietary intervention and diabetic nephropathy (DN). METHODS: We conducted an umbrella review of existing meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that focused on the effects of dietary intervention on…

The combined analysis of parallel double-blind studies of prescription anorectic drugs in 1973 showed 0.23 kg/wk more weight loss than placebo at the end of the studies. In 1985, the combined studies of phenylpropanolamine (PPA) and PPA with caffeine gave 0.27 kg/wk more weight loss than placebo, but since 1985, this d…

There are important scientific and pragmatic synergies between the medical decision making field and the emerging discipline of medical informatics. In the 1970s, the field of medicine forced clinically oriented artificial intelligence (AI) researchers to develop ways to manage explicit statements of uncertainty in exp…

We conducted an analysis of leukemia mortality and protracted exposure to low-dose ionizing radiation. We used data from seven published epidemiologic studies of nuclear workers that reported individual monitoring information for radiation exposure. We found 83 leukemia deaths among white males from a combined total of…

The close relationship between diabetes and hypertension has been recognized for decades. New information indicates that resistance to insulin action on glucose uptake in peripheral tissues is a common underlying mechanism in hypertension and diabetes. In prospective trials, the effects of antihypertensive agents on in…

Combination chemotherapy for advanced gastrointestinal malignancies remains unsatisfactory. Studies show a definite therapeutic advantage for folinic acid/5-fluorouracil (5-FU) regimen compared with single agent 5-FU given intravenously in the management of advanced colorectal cancer. Data on survival benefits vary. A…

We have analyzed 60 cases of intra-axial brain tumors associated with antecedent radiation therapy. These include four new cases. The patients had originally received radiation therapy for three reasons: (a) cranial irradiation for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), (b) definitive treatment of CNS neoplasia, and (c) t…

An overview of antihypertensive trials shows that, when absolute rather than relative measures of benefit are considered, a large benefit is derived from treating severe hypertension, whereas in mild hypertension the rate of prevented morbid events is relatively small. However, a greater benefit is observed when a mild…

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of early physical interventions on the prevention of intensive care unit-acquired weakness (ICUAW) and the improvement of relevant clinical outcomes in patients with critical illness. METHODS: We systematically searched the Web of Science, PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Central Regis…

OBJECTIVES: A systematic review is a method of evaluating the published and unpublished literature relating to a specific area or topic. The objectives of this paper are to identify and discuss problems encountered in synthesising the available literature; and to make recommendations for the future conduct and reportin…

As a class, quinolones undergo both renal excretion and hepatic metabolism. The dominant elimination pathway is usually renal, where secretion by the proximal tubule results in renal clearances 1.5-4 times greater than creatinine clearance. The benefit of this two-pathway elimination is protection from excessive accumu…

OBJECTIVE: To review the mechanisms and sequence of events that occur during ischemia and cell death and following death of the human body. The impact of these postmortem events on the distribution and pharmacokinetic behavior of drugs is described. The case study presented illustrates a possible situation where such p…

The upsurge in interest in measuring patient outcomes of nursing, it is argued, has been occasioned firstly by management changes and secondly by the professionalizing thrust of the nursing profession. Within this overall context, however, the objectives of individual patient outcome studies vary considerably. The curr…

There has been considerable uncertainty about the best way to prevent stroke in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Recent studies have suggested that low-dose warfarin therapy, in addition to producing fewer bleeding complications, may be as effective as higher-dose therapy in preventing thromboembolic even…

The optimal treatment for keloids remains undefined. A randomized, prospective study was performed comparing two treatment regimens that were believed promising. One regimen consisted of surgery plus two preoperative and three postoperative intralesional injections of triamcinolone, whereas the other regimen consisted…

The enhancement of oncogenic transformation in the C3H10T1/2 system by protraction of a high-LET irradiation has been widely reported. Prima facie, the results are inconsistent in that some but not all experiments have shown an enhancement. That the reported data follow a clear pattern is shown, and a model whose predi…

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The intrauterine device (IUD) is globally recognised as a safe, cost-effective, and reliable contraceptive. This umbrella review and meta-analysis synthesises current evidence regarding the association between IUD usage and incidence of gynaecological and breast malignancies. MATERIALS AND METHODS…

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this systematic review was to assess the available evidence related to the effectiveness of stepwise excavation (SW) or selective excavation (SE) when compared to non-selective caries excavation (NSE) for the management of permanent teeth with deep carious lesions without signs of irreversible…