392,095 papers found

To evaluate the various nonshunting treatment modalities currently being used, it is difficult to make comparative assessments by reviewing the literature. There is varied composition in the groups studied; numerous major modifications, but more often subtle but poorly described differences in surgical techniques; and…

OBJECTIVE: Non-invasive brain stimulation, including repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), shows promise for psychiatric disorders in adults, but evidence in children and adolescents remains limited. The objective of this review was to evaluate the effic…

AIMS: Several diuretic strategies, including furosemide i.v. boluses (FB) or continuous infusion (FC), are used in acute heart failure (AHF). METHODS AND RESULTS: We systematically searched phase 3 randomized clinical trials (RCTs) evaluating diuretic regimens in admitted AHF patients within 48 h and irrespecti…

Epidemiologically related traits may share genetic risk factors, and pleiotropic analysis could identify individual loci associated with these traits. Because of their shared epidemiological associations, we conducted pleiotropic analysis of genome-wide association studies of lung cancer (12 160 lung cancer case patien…

International quality improvement initiatives such as Fast-Hug bring a focus on improving the delivery of early enteral nutrition to critically ill patients, however surveys demonstrate current practice remains variable. One way to reduce variability in practice is to provide strong evidence to convince clinicians to c…

The findings in clinical trials of antiarrhythmic drug efficacy and safety are frequently difficult to compare, since study design often has an important effect on trial outcome. To explore this problem further, we compared three designs--randomized control, nonrandomized control, and uncontrolled--collectively enrolli…

The primary aim of this review has been to clarify the tumor shrinking effects of dopamine agonists on pituitary macroadenomas of different cell types. Shrinkage is most dramatic for macroprolactinomas and is due to cell size reduction. Seventy-nine percent of 271 definite macroprolactinomas were reduced in size by at…

Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) results from an imbalance between insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion. Both longitudinal and cross-sectional studies have demonstrated that the earliest detectable abnormality in NIDDM is an impairment in the body's ability to respond to insulin. Because the pancrea…

Carcinoma in situ is a form of superficial transitional cell carcinoma, which is characterized by a lateral spread along the bladder epithelium, with high-grade malignancy and poor prognosis. Early radical cystectomy is considered the definitive treatment even in the absence of associated invasive cancer. In six prospe…

Twenty trials (17 controlled and three observational cohort studies) on selective decontamination of the digestive tract (SDD) have been undertaken to date. SDD is defined as a technique which aims to eradicate carriage of disease-causing microorganisms by means of lethal oropharyngeal and faecal antimicrobial concentr…

No prospective, randomized clinical trial comparing coronary artery bypass grafting, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, and conservative therapy has been reported. To address when revascularization is indicated, we constructed a decision analytic model. Our model incorporates procedure-related mortality an…

The bulk of the mortality (60%) in hypertension occurs in those with mild to moderate elevations of blood pressure, and the chief hazard is coronary disease. Although progression in the severity of hypertension has been slowed with drug therapy, the benefits for coronary outcome and all-cause mortality have been equivo…

PURPOSE: To review the evidence on four questions about screening asymptomatic adults for arterial hypertension: Is hypertension a significant health problem? Is it detectable at an early, presymptomatic stage? Is treatment available and effective? Do the benefits of screening outweigh the costs and risks? DATA IDENTI…

BACKGROUND: Considering the global burden of diabetes and associated cardiovascular disease, an urgent need exists for the best treatment, which should be based on the best available evidence. We examined the association between glucose-lowering medications and a broad range of cardiovascular outcomes, and assessed the…

Lung cancer is still a tumor type with high incidence in the world. Although there are many treatment options for lung cancer, surgical resection is widely used for I-IIIA lung cancer. Video assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) has been proved to have significant intraoperative and postoperative and efficacy and safety adv…

OBJECTIVE: Virtually all studies of the individual placement and support (IPS) model of supported employment measure outcomes for job acquisition, but studies are less consistent in measuring job tenure, hours worked, and employment earnings. Lack of a common set of employment measures limits comparisons across studies…

BACKGROUND: Acute pyelonephritis is a common infection with significant morbidity and mortality, particularly in pediatric populations. Early-switch strategies (from intravenous to oral treatment) may be an acceptable or even preferred option in the treatment of patients with acute pyelonephritis in terms of effectiven…

A metaanalysis was performed to determine the effects on quality of life (QL) in hypertension as reported in published clinical trials of antihypertensive drug therapy. All studies included compared active treatment to baseline (placebo or no treatment) with the patients as their own control and used blinded, randomize…

This is a metaanalysis of all available studies as of December 1990 that have evaluated the effect of antihypertensive pharmacologic therapy on left ventricular structure examined by echocardiography. We applied preset inclusion criteria to the analysis. A total of 109 studies comprising 2357 patients (28% previously u…

Among 238 patients with advanced inoperable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), we evaluated the characteristics of three-year survivors and analyzed them to determine whether or not there were any specific pretreatment prognostic factors which could make it possible to discriminate this group the rest. All patients re…