37,504,227 papers found

Three groups of 4- and 5-year-old children were examined for their concepts of how print refers to language. All of the children could identify printed letters and their sounds but not read alone. The groups studied were monolingual speakers of English, bilingual speakers of French and English, and bilingual speakers o…

English and Korean differ in how they lexicalize the components of motion events. English characteristically conflates Motion with Manner, Cause, or Deixis, and expresses Path separately. Korean, in contrast, conflates Motion with Path and elements of Figure and Ground in transitive clauses for caused Motion, but confl…

PURPOSE: This study examined whether Chinese-English bilinguals activated orthographic and phonological representations from their first language (L1; Chinese) lexicon during second language (L2; English) processing, and how L2 proficiency modulated this process. METHOD: The current study involved 71 Chinese-English b…

AIMS: We investigate the relationship between narrative macrostructure, current language exposure, and microstructure in second-grade Spanish-English bilingual children in the United States. Macrostructure knowledge has been claimed to be shared across languages in multilingual individuals. We examine the role of curre…

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a group of disorders that involve the heart and blood vessels. Acculturation is associated with CVD risk factors among immigrants in Western countries. In this study, the association between acculturation and CVD risk factors was examined among English teachers from Europe and the USA li…

PURPOSE: The utility of parent and teacher reports for screening 3 types of bilingual preschoolers (English-first language [L1]/Mandarin-second language[L2], Mandarin-L1/English-L2, or Malay-L1/English-L2) for language difficulty was investigated in Singapore with reference to measures of reliability, validity, sensiti…

Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we examined the process of language specialization in the brain by comparing developmental changes in two contrastive orthographies: Chinese and English. In a visual word rhyming judgment task, we found a significant interaction between age and language in left inferi…

This study investigated the rate of school-aged Chinese-English language learners at risk for reading difficulties in either Chinese or English only, or both, among second and fifth graders in Hong Kong. In addition, we examined the metalinguistic skills that distinguished those who were poor in reading Chinese from th…

We report two experiments that investigate the effects of sentence context on bilingual lexical access in Spanish and English. Highly proficient Spanish-English bilinguals read sentences in Spanish and English that included a marked word to be named. The word was either a cognate with similar orthography and/or phonolo…

PURPOSE: The goals of this study were to evaluate the impact of short-term phonological awareness (PA) instruction presented in children's first language (L1; Spanish) on gains in their L1 and second language (L2; English) and to determine whether relationships exist between vocabulary size, verbal working memory, and…

A longstanding question in bilingualism is whether syntactic information is shared between the two language processing systems. We used an fMRI repetition suppression paradigm to investigate syntactic priming in reading comprehension in German-English late-acquisition bilinguals. In comparison to conventional subtracti…

We investigate how L1 phonology and semantics affect processing of interlingual homographs by manipulating language context before, and auditory input during, a visual experiment in the L2. Three experiments contained German--English homograph primes (gift=German "poison") in English sentences and was performed by Germ…

This study examined the effect of linguistic experience on perception of the English /s/-/z/ contrast in word-final position. The durations of the periodic ("vowel") and aperiodic ("fricative") portions of stimuli, ranging from peas to peace, were varied in a 5 X 5 factorial design. Forced-choice identification judgmen…

OBJECTIVE: To determine the readability and quality of both English and Spanish Web sites for the topic of hearing aids. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional Web site analysis. SETTING: Various online search engines. METHODS: The term "hearing aid" was queried across four popular search engines. The first resulted 75 Engli…

PURPOSE: This study aims to investigate the effects of language selection and translation quality on Generative Pre-trained Transformer-4 (GPT-4)'s response accuracy to expert-level diagnostic radiology questions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed 146 diagnostic radiology questions from the Japan Radiology Board Exam…

While not itself life-threatening, ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) can progress to invasive disease if untreated, and confers an increased risk of future breast cancer. We investigated knowledge of DCIS among a cohort of English- and Spanish-speaking Latina and English-speaking non-Latina white women previously treated…

Learning to read a second language (L2) can pose a great challenge for children who have already been struggling to read in their first language (L1). Moreover, it is not clear whether, to what extent, and under what circumstances L1 reading difficulty increases the risk of L2 reading difficulty. This study investigate…

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To identify the factors that influence decisions made by health professionals when assessing the pain of native English speaking and children whose English is an additional language. BACKGROUND: Pain assessment in children is often poorly executed following acute injury. Whilst a range of pain ass…

In this paper, English translation of JUN, CHEN, ZUO, and SHI in science of prescription of traditional Chinese medicine were discussed by hunting the headstream, analyzing and explaining their implication, discriminating and selecting the relative English terms.

With increasing frequency, the rod-shaped bacteria have been recently referred to in Czech as tyce (the singular is tyc) instead of the diminutive tycinky (the singular is tycinka) as used in classical Czech textbooks and handbooks of medical microbiology. This discordance might result from inadequate translation of th…